This week end the New York Times Magazine published An Elephant Crackup?, an aticle about elephant and human interactions. In the last 20 years there has been a marked increase in violent encounters between wild elephants and humans. There have also been many more murderous attacks on elephant herds in an effort to obtain ivory. These attacks have destroyed the family systems of the herds and left the surviving young elephants very damaged physiologically. They have become very dangerous like many elephants do in captivity.
According to the Times article…”The elephants of decimated herds, especially orphans who’ve watched the death of their parents and elders from poaching and culling, exhibit behavior typically associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and other trauma-related disorders in humans: abnormal startle response, unpredictable asocial behavior, inattentive mothering and hyperaggression…..As a result of such social upheaval, calves are now being born to and raised by ever younger and inexperienced mothers. Young orphaned elephants, meanwhile, that have witnessed the death of a parent at the hands of poachers are coming of age in the absence of the support system that defines traditional elephant life. “The loss of elephants elders,” Bradshaw told me, “and the traumatic experience of witnessing the massacres of their family, impairs normal brain and behavior development in young elephants.”
The article goes on to say that “Elephants, when left to their own devices, are profoundly social creatures. A herd of them is, in essence, one incomprehensibly massive elephant: a somewhat loosely bound and yet intricately interconnected, tensile organism. Young elephants are raised within an extended, multitiered network of doting female caregivers that includes the birth mother, grandmothers, aunts and friends. These relations are maintained over a life span as long as 70 years.”
“When an elephant dies, its family members engage in intense mourning and burial rituals, conducting week long vigils over the body, carefully covering it with earth and brush, revisiting the bones for years afterward, caressing the bones with their trunks, often taking turns rubbing their trunks along the teeth of a skull’s lower jaw, the way living elephants do in greeting. If harm comes to a member of an elephant group, all the other elephants are aware of it.”
The Times magazine article tells of a young Ugandan researcher named Eve Abe who fled the country with her family in 1986. She noticed the similarity between what happened to the Acholi people of Uganda and the elephants. She also noticed a definite similarity in the effect this trauma had on the surviving victims’ psyches. Ms Abe’s observations have led to an increased interest in effects of war and genocide on humans and elephants. There is also an increase in interest on the Elephant Sanctuary in Tennessee where traumatized elephants can be studied and where methods of dealing with these wounded souls are being developed.
This is a fascinating, informative and heartbreaking article and I encourage you to read it.
An Elephant Crackup?